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How Do Piezoelectric Ceramic Components Generate Ultrasonic Waves?

Piezoelectric ceramics are suitable materials for generating and detecting ultrasonic waves. Charge carriers migrate through the piezoelectric material under the influence of an electric field, resulting in a visible change in length (the inverse piezoelectric effect). If the applied voltage is an alternating voltage, the particles in the medium (eg air) start to vibrate. Pressure fluctuations occur. Particle sparseness results in a decrease in pressure, while compression results in an increase in pressure. Sound wavelength describes the distance between two sparse or compressed regions. The resulting sound waves propagate in the surrounding medium. The speed of sound varies depending on the density and elastic properties of the medium.

There is a fundamental difference between longitudinal and transverse waves. For longitudinal waves, the oscillations occur on the plane of their propagation. They can propagate in liquids and gases, as well as in solids. For shear waves, however, the oscillations are perpendicular to their direction of propagation, which is only possible in solids. Both wave modes can be converted to the other by reflection or refraction in the boundary region, resulting in a denser material.